Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is quite common. It affects about one in 20 children and is three or four times more common in boys than in girls. Children with ADHD, which is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity and impulsivity, are more likely to drop out of school. Fortunately, drugs to treat the condition work well for 60–80% of children who take them. But that leaves 20–40% of children who have a poor response to the drugs or who suffer from side effects.
Some studies have shown that omega-3 fish oil may help with ADHD symptoms. What’s more, they’re safe and well-tolerated. However, the results of these studies have been mixed — some children get better, others get worse.
We wanted to know whether these results were dependent on whether or not the children had enough omega-3 in their body to begin with.
Omega-3 fatty acids, such as docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), are important for our brain, body, immune system and heart. We can only get them from food, such as oily fish, spinach and nuts.
Previous studies have found that children with ADHD eat less omega-3-containing food and have less omega-3 in their bodies than children without ADHD, so they are also more likely to show symptoms indicating a lack of omega-3, such as eczema, brittle nails, and dry and scaly skin. But in previous studies, the way omega-3 fatty acids were given was not according to how much omega-3 was in their bodies in the first place.
In our study, published in the journal Translational Psychiatry, we examined 92 children, aged 6 to 18, diagnosed with ADHD. Half were randomly assigned to a group taking omega-3, EPA. The other half (the control group) were given a placebo. The trial lasted 12 weeks.
We measured the children’s progress with a continuous performance test (CPT), an objective cognitive assessment of attention, vigilance and impulsivity at the beginning and at the end of the trial.
We found that children who are deficient in omega-3, measured in the blood, become more attentive and vigilant at the end of the 12 weeks when taking EPA. The difference was statistically significant, that is, unlikely to be the result of chance. However, we did not detect an improvement in ADHD symptoms based on the assessment by parents or teachers, perhaps because the trial was too short to affect these measures.
One Can Have Too Much of Fish Oil
Interestingly, we found that children who have the highest levels of omega-3 in their bodies have a worsening in some ADHD symptoms, especially impulsivity. This further suggests that you can have “too much of a good thing”, and that an adequate amount of omega-3 is needed for optimal results.
Currently, there is no recommended dosage for pure EPA, but a panel of experts suggested that the patients who prefer omega-3 supplementation over stimulant medications (such as Ritalin), should take a combination of DHA and EPA at doses greater than or equal to 750mg a day for at least 12 weeks.
However, no children should switch from medications to fish oil based on the results of our study — first, because we find an improvement in some symptoms of ADHD but not all symptoms; second, because we find that not all children benefit from fish oil, and some get worse; and third, because the relative small number of children in the study means that we (or other scientists) should repeat the study in a larger sample.
Personalised Medicine
Our study is the first to use the concept of personalised medicine (also known as “precision medicine”) applied to nutritional studies.
It is also the first study to point out the omega-3 may not provide benefits for all children with ADHD, and in some cases, may even be detrimental.
For this reason, children with ADHD should only take a supplement with omega-3 under the supervision of their doctors. And children shouldn’t switch from their medication to fish oil supplements, especially if they are doing well on their medication.
But of course, eating more oily fish should be a priority for these children, too.
Originally published at http://theconversation.com on November 21, 2019.
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